In order to apply proper intrenet network there should be a standard set of rules because it required an internet protocol.History of TCP / IP
Internet Protocol was first developed by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in 1970 as the beginning of an effort to develop a protocol that can interconnect a variety of separate computer networks, each network uses different technology. The main protocol that generated this project is the Internet Protocol (IP). The same research also developed that is some high-level protocol designed to work with IP. The most important of these projects is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and all the protocol groups is replaced with TCP / IP suite. First TCP / IP implemented in the ARPANET, and began to flourish after the University of California at Berkeley began to use TCP / IP with the UNIX operating system. Apart from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is developing the Internet Protocol, which also developed the TCP / IP is the Department of defense (DOD).The terms in the Internet Protocol
There are several terms that are often found in discussion of the TCP / IP, some of them:Host or end-system, a customer at the service communication network. Hosts are usually in the form of individual workstations or personal computers (PCs) where the duties of the host is usually a running application and server software program that functions as a user and executing a communications network service.Internet, which is a collection of networks (network of networks) a thorough and using TCP / IP to connect, such as virtual networks.Node, is a term applied to the router and host.protocol, which is a standard procedure or rules for defining and setting the data transmission between computers.Routers, devices that are used as a liaison between two or more networks. Different from the host router because the router usually not a goal or data traffic. Routing of IP datagram is usually done with software. So the routing function can be performed by a host who has two or more networks connection.Overview of TCP / IP
As noted above, TCP / IP is also developed by the Department of Defense (DOD). DOD has conducted a research project to connect several networks designed by different vendors to be a networks of networks (internet). At first it worked because it only provides basic services such as file transfer, electronic mail, remote logon. Several computers in a department can use TCP / IP (along with other protocols) in a single LAN. The IP component provides routing from the department to the enterprise network, then to regional networks and finally to the global Internet. This can make the network communication can be broken, so to fix it later designed the DOD TCP / IP that can fix automatically if any node or phone line failure. The results of this design makes it possible to build very large networks with little central regulation. Because of the automatic repair the problem in the network is not checked and not repaired for a long time.Like other communication protocols, the TCP / IP also has several layers, the layers are: IP (internet protocol) that play a role in transmitting data packets from node to node. IP precedes each data packet based on 4 bytes (for version IPv4) destination address (IP number). Internet authorities created a range of numbers to different organizations. The organization created a group with a number for the department. IP Gateway machine to work on that move data from department to organization and then to the region and then throughout the world. TCP (Transmission transfer protocol) play a role in improving the delivery of correct data from a client to the server. Data can be lost in the middle of the network. TCP can detect errors or lost data and then conduct retransmissions until the data is received correctly and completely. Sockets is a name given to the package of subroutines that provide access to TCP / IP on most systems.Some of the important thing in the TCP / IP1. Lowest Requesting Network (Network of Lowest bidders)IP was developed to create a network of networks (internet). Individual machine connected to the LAN (Ethernet or Token Ring). TCP / IP LAN to share with other users (Novell file server, windows etc.). The devices provide a TCP / IP connection between the LAN and the outside world.
To ensure that all types of systems from different vendors can communicate, then the use of TCP / IP standardized on the LAN. With increasing speed mikroprossesor, fiber optics, and digital phone lines will have created some new technology options among which ISDN, frame relay, FDDI, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM).
The original draft of the TCP / IP is a network of networks that are suited to the use of current technology. TCP / IP data can be transmitted over a LAN, or can be brought to an internal corporate SNA network, or data can be connected to cable TV. Furthermore, the machines are connected on one network can communicate with other networks through gateways provided by the network vendor.2. Addressing the problemIn an SNA network, every machine has Logical Units with each network address. DECnet, Appletalk, and Novell IPX has a plan to make the numbers for each local network and for each workstation connected to the network.In addressing the major part of local network, TCP / IP makes a unique number to every workstation throughout the world. IP number is the value of 4 bytes (IPv4) with alter convention each byte into a decimal number (0 to 255 for the IP that is used now) and separating the bytes with a period. For instance, 130.132.59.234.An organization started by sending electronic mail to Hostmaster@INTERNIC.NET asking for the manufacture of network numbers. It is possible for almost anyone to get the number for the network of "small class C" with the first three bytes of the network and the last byte meyatakan individual states computer. Larger organizations can obtain the network "Class B" with the first two bytes of the network state and 2 bytes last declared states of each individual workstation until it reaches 64,000 workstations. Examples of Class B Network Yale is 130,132, so all computers with IP addresses 130 132 .*.* is connected through Yale.Then the organization related to the intenet through one of several regional networks or dedicated network. network vendor networks and subscriber numbers are added to the routing configuration in each machine.There is no mathematical formula that converts the number 130 132 192.35.91 or a "Yale University" or "New Haven". Machines that regulate a large regional network or Internet routers can determine the location of the center of these networks by searching for each network number in the table. It is estimated that there are thousands of networks and millions of class B class C network Customers who connect to the Internet, even big companies like IBM do not need to maintain information on network-jatingan others. They sent all the external data into a regional carrier for their customers, and the regional carrier to observe and maintain routing tables and doing the right.3. SubnetsAlthough individual customers do not need a table number or provide explicit routing network, but for most of the class B network can be set internally, so a smaller version and a simpler network organization. Usually divides the two bytes of internal assignment into one department and one byte number of bytes Workstation ID.Enterprise networks are built using the TCP / IP router boxes commercially. each router has a table with 255 entries to change the department number to be one byte ethernet destination choice is connected to one router. For example, a message to the 130.132.59.234 through regional networks National and New England based on the number 130,132. Arriving at Yale, 59 department ID to choose an ethernet connector. 234 select a particular workstation on the LAN. Yale network should be updated as new ethernet and departments are added, but not affected by the change from the outside or the engine displacement in the department.4. Indeterminate pathwaysEach time a message arrives at an IP router, the router will make a decision about where to next message will be sent. There is the concept of a particular time with preselected path for all traffic. Suppose a company with facilities in New York, Los Angeles, Chicago and Atlanta. Can be made network of four telephone lines to form a loop (NY to Chicago to LA to Atlanta to New York). A message arrives at the router NY to go to LA via Chicago or through Atlanta. can answer back to another street.How a router can make a decision between a router with a router? there is no right answer. Traffic can be mapped by the algorithm "clockwise" (go to NY to Atlanta, LA to Chicago). The router can determine, send a message to Atlanta then to Chicago next to. Routing a better way is to measure traffic patterns and sends data through the least busy link.If one phone line in a tissue is damaged, messages can still achieve its goals through other channels. After losing the path from NY to Chicago, the data can be sent from NY to Atlanta to LA to Chicago. That way the path will continue despite the loss of performance decline.Improvements such as these are additional sections on the design IP.5. Problems Not Examined (undiagnosed problem)If no error occurs, then the network was reported to authorities. The error to be corrected or repaired. IP, is designed to be resistant and strong. Node or path loss is common, but the network must continue. So reset the IP automatically configure itself when something goes wrong. If a lot of redundancy built into the system then komuniksi persists and awake. TCP is designed to recover a failed node or channel where the propagation of routing table changes to all router nodes. Because the updating process takes a long time, TCP is rather slow to initiate recovery.6. Regarding IP NumberEvery large company or university that is connected to the Internet must have an intermediate level networks. some routers may be configured to connect with bebarapa department LAN. All traffic outside the organization associated with a single connection to a network of regional providers.So, the end user can install TCP / IP on the PC without having to know the regional network. Three pieces of information are needed: IP address created on the PC Part of the IP address (subnet mask) that distinguishes other machines in the same LAN (messages can be sent directly) with the machines in other departments atao anywhere in the world (that is sent to the router machine) the IP address of the router machine that connects the LAN to the outside world.7. The composition of the TCP / IP protocol
Internet was originally designed with two main criteria. Two of these criteria affect and shape of hardware and software used today. These criteria are: The network must make the communication between researchers in different parts of the world, allowing meraka can share and communicate about their research with one another. Unfortunately, research requires a variety of different computer platforms and different network architectures for scientific purposes. It became necessary protocol suite to be associated with a variety of different hardware platforms and even different network systems. Furthermore, the network should be a robust communication network that has the ability to withstand nuclear attack. This design memebawa toward decentralized network consisting of a network of separate, smaller, isolated networks with the ability automatically when needed.Layer provides a level abstrsaksi for software and increase the ability to reuse and platform independence. The layers are intended to be completely separate from each other and also independent. Layer does not rely on detailed information from the other layers. The architecture of this design makes it easier to do maintenance because the layer can be redesigned or developed without damaging the integrity of the protocol stack.TCP / IP protocol suite consists of four layers: Application, Transport, Internetwork, and network interfaces. Layer can be seen as a hierarchy as below:Application Layer is an application that sends data to the transport layer. For example FTP, email programs and web browsers.
Transport layer is responsible for communication between applications. This layer and set the channel information may provide error checking. The data is divided into several packets are sent to the internet layer with a header. The header contains the destination address, source address and checksum. The checksum is checked by the receiving machine to see if the package is missing on the route.Internetwork layer is responsible for communication between machines. Meg-engcapsul this layer from the transport layer packets into IP datagrams and use the routing algorithm to determine where datagaram should be sent. The entry of the datagram is processed and inspected before kesahannya pass at the Transport layer.Interface layer networks is the lowest level of the arrangement of the TCP / IP. This layer is the device driver that enables IP datagaram sent to or from the physical network. Dapaat the form of a cable network, Ethernet, Frame Relay, Token Ring, ISDN, ATM networks, radio, satellite or other device that can transfer data from system to system. Network interface is an abstraction layer that facilitates communication between the multitude network architecture.
Internet Protocol was first developed by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in 1970 as the beginning of an effort to develop a protocol that can interconnect a variety of separate computer networks, each network uses different technology. The main protocol that generated this project is the Internet Protocol (IP). The same research also developed that is some high-level protocol designed to work with IP. The most important of these projects is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and all the protocol groups is replaced with TCP / IP suite. First TCP / IP implemented in the ARPANET, and began to flourish after the University of California at Berkeley began to use TCP / IP with the UNIX operating system. Apart from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is developing the Internet Protocol, which also developed the TCP / IP is the Department of defense (DOD).The terms in the Internet Protocol
There are several terms that are often found in discussion of the TCP / IP, some of them:Host or end-system, a customer at the service communication network. Hosts are usually in the form of individual workstations or personal computers (PCs) where the duties of the host is usually a running application and server software program that functions as a user and executing a communications network service.Internet, which is a collection of networks (network of networks) a thorough and using TCP / IP to connect, such as virtual networks.Node, is a term applied to the router and host.protocol, which is a standard procedure or rules for defining and setting the data transmission between computers.Routers, devices that are used as a liaison between two or more networks. Different from the host router because the router usually not a goal or data traffic. Routing of IP datagram is usually done with software. So the routing function can be performed by a host who has two or more networks connection.Overview of TCP / IP
As noted above, TCP / IP is also developed by the Department of Defense (DOD). DOD has conducted a research project to connect several networks designed by different vendors to be a networks of networks (internet). At first it worked because it only provides basic services such as file transfer, electronic mail, remote logon. Several computers in a department can use TCP / IP (along with other protocols) in a single LAN. The IP component provides routing from the department to the enterprise network, then to regional networks and finally to the global Internet. This can make the network communication can be broken, so to fix it later designed the DOD TCP / IP that can fix automatically if any node or phone line failure. The results of this design makes it possible to build very large networks with little central regulation. Because of the automatic repair the problem in the network is not checked and not repaired for a long time.Like other communication protocols, the TCP / IP also has several layers, the layers are: IP (internet protocol) that play a role in transmitting data packets from node to node. IP precedes each data packet based on 4 bytes (for version IPv4) destination address (IP number). Internet authorities created a range of numbers to different organizations. The organization created a group with a number for the department. IP Gateway machine to work on that move data from department to organization and then to the region and then throughout the world. TCP (Transmission transfer protocol) play a role in improving the delivery of correct data from a client to the server. Data can be lost in the middle of the network. TCP can detect errors or lost data and then conduct retransmissions until the data is received correctly and completely. Sockets is a name given to the package of subroutines that provide access to TCP / IP on most systems.Some of the important thing in the TCP / IP1. Lowest Requesting Network (Network of Lowest bidders)IP was developed to create a network of networks (internet). Individual machine connected to the LAN (Ethernet or Token Ring). TCP / IP LAN to share with other users (Novell file server, windows etc.). The devices provide a TCP / IP connection between the LAN and the outside world.
To ensure that all types of systems from different vendors can communicate, then the use of TCP / IP standardized on the LAN. With increasing speed mikroprossesor, fiber optics, and digital phone lines will have created some new technology options among which ISDN, frame relay, FDDI, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM).
The original draft of the TCP / IP is a network of networks that are suited to the use of current technology. TCP / IP data can be transmitted over a LAN, or can be brought to an internal corporate SNA network, or data can be connected to cable TV. Furthermore, the machines are connected on one network can communicate with other networks through gateways provided by the network vendor.2. Addressing the problemIn an SNA network, every machine has Logical Units with each network address. DECnet, Appletalk, and Novell IPX has a plan to make the numbers for each local network and for each workstation connected to the network.In addressing the major part of local network, TCP / IP makes a unique number to every workstation throughout the world. IP number is the value of 4 bytes (IPv4) with alter convention each byte into a decimal number (0 to 255 for the IP that is used now) and separating the bytes with a period. For instance, 130.132.59.234.An organization started by sending electronic mail to Hostmaster@INTERNIC.NET asking for the manufacture of network numbers. It is possible for almost anyone to get the number for the network of "small class C" with the first three bytes of the network and the last byte meyatakan individual states computer. Larger organizations can obtain the network "Class B" with the first two bytes of the network state and 2 bytes last declared states of each individual workstation until it reaches 64,000 workstations. Examples of Class B Network Yale is 130,132, so all computers with IP addresses 130 132 .*.* is connected through Yale.Then the organization related to the intenet through one of several regional networks or dedicated network. network vendor networks and subscriber numbers are added to the routing configuration in each machine.There is no mathematical formula that converts the number 130 132 192.35.91 or a "Yale University" or "New Haven". Machines that regulate a large regional network or Internet routers can determine the location of the center of these networks by searching for each network number in the table. It is estimated that there are thousands of networks and millions of class B class C network Customers who connect to the Internet, even big companies like IBM do not need to maintain information on network-jatingan others. They sent all the external data into a regional carrier for their customers, and the regional carrier to observe and maintain routing tables and doing the right.3. SubnetsAlthough individual customers do not need a table number or provide explicit routing network, but for most of the class B network can be set internally, so a smaller version and a simpler network organization. Usually divides the two bytes of internal assignment into one department and one byte number of bytes Workstation ID.Enterprise networks are built using the TCP / IP router boxes commercially. each router has a table with 255 entries to change the department number to be one byte ethernet destination choice is connected to one router. For example, a message to the 130.132.59.234 through regional networks National and New England based on the number 130,132. Arriving at Yale, 59 department ID to choose an ethernet connector. 234 select a particular workstation on the LAN. Yale network should be updated as new ethernet and departments are added, but not affected by the change from the outside or the engine displacement in the department.4. Indeterminate pathwaysEach time a message arrives at an IP router, the router will make a decision about where to next message will be sent. There is the concept of a particular time with preselected path for all traffic. Suppose a company with facilities in New York, Los Angeles, Chicago and Atlanta. Can be made network of four telephone lines to form a loop (NY to Chicago to LA to Atlanta to New York). A message arrives at the router NY to go to LA via Chicago or through Atlanta. can answer back to another street.How a router can make a decision between a router with a router? there is no right answer. Traffic can be mapped by the algorithm "clockwise" (go to NY to Atlanta, LA to Chicago). The router can determine, send a message to Atlanta then to Chicago next to. Routing a better way is to measure traffic patterns and sends data through the least busy link.If one phone line in a tissue is damaged, messages can still achieve its goals through other channels. After losing the path from NY to Chicago, the data can be sent from NY to Atlanta to LA to Chicago. That way the path will continue despite the loss of performance decline.Improvements such as these are additional sections on the design IP.5. Problems Not Examined (undiagnosed problem)If no error occurs, then the network was reported to authorities. The error to be corrected or repaired. IP, is designed to be resistant and strong. Node or path loss is common, but the network must continue. So reset the IP automatically configure itself when something goes wrong. If a lot of redundancy built into the system then komuniksi persists and awake. TCP is designed to recover a failed node or channel where the propagation of routing table changes to all router nodes. Because the updating process takes a long time, TCP is rather slow to initiate recovery.6. Regarding IP NumberEvery large company or university that is connected to the Internet must have an intermediate level networks. some routers may be configured to connect with bebarapa department LAN. All traffic outside the organization associated with a single connection to a network of regional providers.So, the end user can install TCP / IP on the PC without having to know the regional network. Three pieces of information are needed: IP address created on the PC Part of the IP address (subnet mask) that distinguishes other machines in the same LAN (messages can be sent directly) with the machines in other departments atao anywhere in the world (that is sent to the router machine) the IP address of the router machine that connects the LAN to the outside world.7. The composition of the TCP / IP protocol
Internet was originally designed with two main criteria. Two of these criteria affect and shape of hardware and software used today. These criteria are: The network must make the communication between researchers in different parts of the world, allowing meraka can share and communicate about their research with one another. Unfortunately, research requires a variety of different computer platforms and different network architectures for scientific purposes. It became necessary protocol suite to be associated with a variety of different hardware platforms and even different network systems. Furthermore, the network should be a robust communication network that has the ability to withstand nuclear attack. This design memebawa toward decentralized network consisting of a network of separate, smaller, isolated networks with the ability automatically when needed.Layer provides a level abstrsaksi for software and increase the ability to reuse and platform independence. The layers are intended to be completely separate from each other and also independent. Layer does not rely on detailed information from the other layers. The architecture of this design makes it easier to do maintenance because the layer can be redesigned or developed without damaging the integrity of the protocol stack.TCP / IP protocol suite consists of four layers: Application, Transport, Internetwork, and network interfaces. Layer can be seen as a hierarchy as below:Application Layer is an application that sends data to the transport layer. For example FTP, email programs and web browsers.
Transport layer is responsible for communication between applications. This layer and set the channel information may provide error checking. The data is divided into several packets are sent to the internet layer with a header. The header contains the destination address, source address and checksum. The checksum is checked by the receiving machine to see if the package is missing on the route.Internetwork layer is responsible for communication between machines. Meg-engcapsul this layer from the transport layer packets into IP datagrams and use the routing algorithm to determine where datagaram should be sent. The entry of the datagram is processed and inspected before kesahannya pass at the Transport layer.Interface layer networks is the lowest level of the arrangement of the TCP / IP. This layer is the device driver that enables IP datagaram sent to or from the physical network. Dapaat the form of a cable network, Ethernet, Frame Relay, Token Ring, ISDN, ATM networks, radio, satellite or other device that can transfer data from system to system. Network interface is an abstraction layer that facilitates communication between the multitude network architecture.
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